See 吐蕃 on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "蕃",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "蕃",
"name": "zh-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "བོད",
"3": "",
"4": "Tibet"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pelliot, 1915"
},
"expansion": "Pelliot, 1915",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "蕃",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "蕃",
"name": "zh-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Yao, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Yao, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "An exonym for Tibet that appeared in the Tang dynasty. Some scholars argue the second syllable, 蕃, was originally read with the -n coda in Middle Chinese (i.e. pʉɐn or bʉɐn, the former of which regularly gives rise to modern Mandarin fān). They argue that the modern Tǔbō reading is recent, possibly originating from French sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat’s (1788-1832) argument that the second syllable should be pronounced this way to match Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”) (Pelliot, 1915). Rhymes in poetry from Tang and Yuan dynasties also suggest that the second syllable 蕃 was read with the -n coda during those times (Yao, 2014).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "土蕃"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "吐蕃",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Tibet"
],
"id": "en-吐蕃-zh-name-vCzcCQjq",
"links": [
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Tibet"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "fán",
"word": "蕃"
},
{
"roman": "Xīzàng",
"word": "西藏"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "Túbótè",
"word": "圖伯特／图伯特"
},
{
"roman": "Túbótè",
"word": "圖伯特"
},
{
"roman": "Túbótè",
"word": "图伯特"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔbō"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔfān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄊㄨˇ ㄅㄛ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄊㄨˇ ㄈㄢ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "tou³ bo³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔbō"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔbo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "Tʻu³-po¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔ-bwō"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tuubo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Тубо"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Tubo"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔfān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔfan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "Tʻu³-fan¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔ-fān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tuufan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Туфань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Tufanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "tou bo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "tou³ bo³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "tou³ bo³"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰou̯³³ pɔː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "thuX pjon"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰou̯³³ pɔː³³/"
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "吐蕃",
"ruby": [
[
"吐",
"と"
],
[
"蕃",
"ばん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Toban",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "proper",
"2": "とばん"
},
"expansion": "吐(と)蕃(ばん) • (Toban)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Tibet"
],
"id": "en-吐蕃-ja-name-vCzcCQjq",
"links": [
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Tibet"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "Tobeon",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "토번",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hj",
"hangeul": "토번"
},
"expansion": "吐蕃 • (Tobeon) (hangeul 토번)",
"name": "ko-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "Tibet",
"word": "토번"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 토번 (“Tibet”)"
],
"id": "en-吐蕃-ko-name-GkUcoJOe",
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"토번",
"토번#Korean"
],
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "proper noun",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "吐蕃",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "吐蕃",
"name": "vi-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of Thổ Phồn (“Tibet”)."
],
"id": "en-吐蕃-vi-name-62Zd1V-1",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"Thổ Phồn",
"Thổ Phồn#Vietnamese"
],
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
]
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "蕃",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "蕃",
"name": "zh-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "བོད",
"3": "",
"4": "Tibet"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Pelliot, 1915"
},
"expansion": "Pelliot, 1915",
"name": "zh-ref"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "蕃",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "蕃",
"name": "zh-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Yao, 2014"
},
"expansion": "Yao, 2014",
"name": "zh-ref"
}
],
"etymology_text": "An exonym for Tibet that appeared in the Tang dynasty. Some scholars argue the second syllable, 蕃, was originally read with the -n coda in Middle Chinese (i.e. pʉɐn or bʉɐn, the former of which regularly gives rise to modern Mandarin fān). They argue that the modern Tǔbō reading is recent, possibly originating from French sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat’s (1788-1832) argument that the second syllable should be pronounced this way to match Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”) (Pelliot, 1915). Rhymes in poetry from Tang and Yuan dynasties also suggest that the second syllable 蕃 was read with the -n coda during those times (Yao, 2014).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "土蕃"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "proper noun"
},
"expansion": "吐蕃",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "name",
"related": [
{
"roman": "fán",
"word": "蕃"
},
{
"roman": "Xīzàng",
"word": "西藏"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Cantonese proper nouns",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese proper nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 吐",
"Chinese terms spelled with 蕃",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese terms with archaic senses",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin proper nouns",
"Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Middle Chinese proper nouns",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Tibet"
],
"links": [
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Tibet"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔbō"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔfān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄊㄨˇ ㄅㄛ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄊㄨˇ ㄈㄢ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "tou³ bo³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔbō"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔbo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "Tʻu³-po¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔ-bwō"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tuubo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Тубо"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Tubo"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔfān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔfan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "Tʻu³-fan¹"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "Tǔ-fān"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "Tuufan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Туфань"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "Tufanʹ"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "tou bo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "tou³ bo³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "tou³ bo³"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰou̯³³ pɔː³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "thuX pjon"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʰou̯³³ pɔː³³/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "Túbótè",
"word": "圖伯特／图伯特"
},
{
"roman": "Túbótè",
"word": "圖伯特"
},
{
"roman": "Túbótè",
"word": "图伯特"
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "吐蕃",
"ruby": [
[
"吐",
"と"
],
[
"蕃",
"ばん"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "Toban",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "proper",
"2": "とばん"
},
"expansion": "吐(と)蕃(ばん) • (Toban)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese proper nouns",
"Japanese terms spelled with jinmeiyō kanji",
"Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji",
"Japanese terms with 2 kanji",
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Tibet"
],
"links": [
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Tibet"
],
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "Tobeon",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "토번",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hj",
"hangeul": "토번"
},
"expansion": "吐蕃 • (Tobeon) (hangeul 토번)",
"name": "ko-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean hanja forms",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean proper nouns",
"Korean proper nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "Tibet",
"word": "토번"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hanja form of 토번 (“Tibet”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hanja",
"hanja#English"
],
[
"토번",
"토번#Korean"
],
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"hanja"
]
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "proper noun",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "吐蕃",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "吐蕃",
"name": "vi-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese proper nouns",
"Vietnamese proper nouns in Han script"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of Thổ Phồn (“Tibet”)."
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"Thổ Phồn",
"Thổ Phồn#Vietnamese"
],
[
"Tibet",
"Tibet"
]
]
}
],
"word": "吐蕃"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 吐蕃 meaning in All languages combined (6.3kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺'",
"path": [
"吐蕃"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "吐蕃",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"吐蕃"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "吐蕃",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, variant in Mainland)⁺'",
"path": [
"吐蕃"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "吐蕃",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"吐蕃"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "proper noun",
"title": "吐蕃",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.